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E2
Estradiol Endometrial biopsy - (EB, Ebx, EMB) is a procedure that involves taking a small sample of tissue from the inside of the uterus (called the endometrium). It is done in the office and takes only a few minutes. A small hollow tube is introduced through the cervix inside the uterus and the endometrium is gently scraped, while suction is applied to the catheter. Small pieces of endometrial tissue are collected by this process and sent for microscopic examination. An endometrial biopsy is done for many reasons. In case of investigation for infertility, it is performed to evaluate the endometrium for its readiness to accept the embryo. An egg, that is fertilized by a sperm in the fallopian tube travels, to the uterus in about 3 to 5 days and then is ready to implant in about another 3 to 4 days. Therefore, roughly one week after ovulation and successful fertilization, that embryo may implant. During this crucial time, the endometrium should be ready for implantation. The biopsy will check for specific changes in the cells and glands of the endometrium. A normal test is said to be "in-phase" with the menstrual day, if the biopsy done on a specific day of the cycle shows expected appearance. An abnormal test is said to be "out-of-phase" in relation to the date of the cycle. An abnormal test result usually signifies that there is a hormonal irregularity usually a "luteal phase defect," which means that the second part of the cycle called the luteal phase is abnormal and can be the cause of infertility. Women who have very short luteal phases (less than 11 days) will often have an abnormal biopsy result. An endometrial biopsy is also performed for abnormal uterine bleeding, to diagnose hormonal imbalances or an anatomic cause for bleeding, such as polyps, hyperplasia (abnormal benign growth of the endometrium) or cancer. Normal "in phase" biopsy done after presumed ovulation does not prove that oocyte release-ovulation has happened. It can only disprove ovulation or suggest that the egg probably was released. The Ebx is frequently misinterpreted. Endometrial biopsy, EB, Ebx, EMB, inside of the uterus, uterus, endometrium,
cervix, endometrial tissue, microscopic examination, examination, investigation
for infertility, embryo, egg, fertilized by a sperm, sperm, fallopian
tube, tube, fertilization, glands of the endometrium, implantation, in-phase,
out-of-phase, luteal phase defect, luteal phase, short luteal phase, abnormal
uterine bleeding, uterine bleeding, hormonal imbalances, imbalances, polyps,
hyperplasia, cancer, presumed ovulation, ovulation, oocyte release, oocyte,
misinterpretation A herpes virus which causes glandular fever (as does CMV) and some cancers. Ectopic pregnancy A normal pregnancy results when the embryo implants inside the uterus. When implantation occurs outside the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy occurs. Such an abnormal pregnancy can be located in the tubes, the ovaries, the cervix, or inside the abdomen. In 1987, roughly 2 of every 100 women who were known to conceive were hospitalized for ectopic pregnancy. This incidence is slightly higher with in vitro fertilization. The most common symptoms are abnormal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. Women who have tubule damage (such as scarring from infection) are at an increased risk for an ectopic pregnancy. The incidence is also higher in women who have had children, especially those who have been pregnant three or more times EDD - Estimated Due Date. An approximate date for when a baby is due to be born. It is generally
calculated based on LMP, when LMP is two weeks before ovulation. To figure
the due date, take your LMP and add 9 months plus one week. To figure
EDD based on ovulation, add 9 months and subtract one week. When using
ARTs, one would consider the day of insemination to be ovulation, and
the day of egg retrieval to be ovulation.
Egg (ovum) The female reproductive cell.
The process that involves stimulation of a younger woman with fertility drugs, the retrieval of her eggs, fertilization of the eggs with the recipient's husband's sperm, and the transfer of the resultant embryos into the uterus of the recipient. Women who may need egg donation include the following: Women with no ovaries as a result of congenital absence or surgical removal;
Oocyte donor, gamete donor, ovum donor, and reproductive cell donor is a woman contracted to donate eggs to an infertile couple for in vitro fertilization. Egg donation, oocyte donation, gamete donation, ovum donation, reproductive cell donation, egg donor, egg, oocyte donor, gamete donor, ovum donor, reproductive cell donor, oocyte, gamete, ovum, reproductive cell Egg Retrieval, Oocyte Retrieval, Gamete Retrieval, Ovum Retrieval, Reproductive Cell Retrieval Oocyte retrieval, gamete retrieval, ovum retrieval, and reproductive cell retrieval is the process when a long needle is introduced through the vagina and into the ovaries to aspirate the follicles containing the eggs. It is done under ultrasound guidance. The ovaries are visualized on the ultrasound screen, and the needle, which is attached to the ultrasound probe, is directed into the follicles, which are aspirated with gentle suction. The aspirated fluid is sent to the embryologist who examines it and identifies the eggs. The procedure is done under heavy sedation and is therefore practically painless. It takes about 20-40 minutes to complete depending on the number of follicles present and the patient is discharged 2-3 hours later. The patient is not allowed to drive because of possible drowsiness the day of the procedure. Complications are very rare and include bleeding from the vaginal site of the needle puncture or the ovaries, and infection. Bleeding almost always subsides on its own and infections are treated with antibiotics if needed. Egg Retrieval, Oocyte Retrieval, Gamete Retrieval, Ovum Retrieval, Reproductive
Cell Retrieval, egg, oocyte, gamete, ovum, reproductive cell, needle,
aspirate the follicles, aspirate, follicles, ultrasound guidance, ultrasound,
ultrasound probe, prove, embryologist, heavy sedation, sedation, complications,
drowsiness, needle puncture, infection, bleeding The semen and sperm released at orgasm, or the act of releasing semen at orgasm.
The male ducts that contract the fluid released at orgasm.
Voluntary termination of a pregnancy for non-medical reasons.
Controlled electrical stimulation to induce ejaculation in a man with
damage to the nerves that control ejaculation.
Embryo The developing baby from implantation to the second month of pregnancy. More scientifically, the fertilized egg that has begun the process of cell division. Embryo Toxic Factor (ETF) An immune response against a woman may have against her own fetus in
a pregnancy that may result in the loss of the pregnancy. Treatment is
high doses of progesterone until the 16th week of pregnancy. Embryo Toxicity Assay (ETA) is accomplished by a combination of two procedures: the first involves maternal blood cell (lymphocyte) culture, which is aimed at stimulating the lymphocytes using components of the human embryo (trophoblast) cell line, and the second is an embryo culture. These procedures are used to test if the patient's lymphocytes secrete anything that is toxic to the embryo (test utilizes two-cell stage mouse embryos). Women, who have been sensitized in the course of their earlier pregnancies or in any other mode, could amass an immune response against their own fetus in the following pregnancy, and end up losing it in the implantation process or later in the first trimester. Embryo toxicity assay, ETA, maternal blood cell, lymphocyte, trophoblast, embryo, embryo culture, toxic to the embryo, toxic, embryo, immune response, pregnancy, miscarriage, pregnancy loss, abortion, spontaneous, infertility, immunology Embryo transfer (ET) Embryo transfer (ET) involves placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a woman's uterus or fallopian tube. This often occurs 2 to 5 days following egg retrieval. A predetermined number of embryos are first placed inside a special catheter, which is then introduced inside the uterus through the cervix. The embryos are then gently injected and the catheter is removed. During this procedure, the woman is in a position similar to a pelvic examination for a pap smear. The patient will remain in that position for roughly an hour before being discharged. The number of embryos to be transferred depends mostly on the age of the woman and the quality of embryos. As a general rule, 2 to 4 embryos will be transferred in women less than 35 years of age to reduce the risk of high order (more than twins) multiple pregnancies. This number increases with age, and it is not unusual to transfer more embryos in women over 40, if available. The couple will make the informed decision regarding the number of embryos to be transferred after conferring with her physician. The future parents are advised about availability of a procedure designed to reduce high order multiple pregnancy called selective reduction or multiple pregnancy selection. Embryo transfer, embryo, ET, uterus, fallopian tube, tube, egg retrieval,
egg, catheter, cervix, number of embryos, quality of embryos, age of the
woman, twins, multiple pregnancies, informed decision, fertilized egg,
fertilized oocyte, fertilized ovum, fertilized gamete A person specialized in embryo development.
A condition that occurs when spinal fluid leaks into the bony chamber (fossa) housing the pituitary gland. The fluid pressure compresses the pituitary gland and may adversely affect its ability to secrete LH and FSH and may elevate prolactin levels. Endemic A term to describe levels of infection that do not exhibit wide fluctuations
through time, in a defined place. For microparasites like measles, the
term is used slightly differently to Parasite extinction occurring because endemic levels are so low that it is possible for small stochastic fluctuations to remove all parasites. Contrast epidemic fadeout. ENDO - Endometriosis It is the inflammation of the endometrium. The presence and growth of
endometrial tissue, known as implants, in locations outside the uterus,
such as over the fallopian tubes, ovaries, the lining of the pelvis, bowel
or other unusual areas. The disease is benign but usually progressive.
In advanced stages, it causes severe scarring of the ovaries and /or tubes
which can result in infertility. Even milder forms of the disease, where
only few implants are present, can be associated with infertility. The
incidence of the disease is 30% to 45% in women with infertility. The
cause of endometriosis is not known with certainty, but several mechanisms
are involved. More recently immunological causes have been implicated
in the mechanism of infertility in patients with endometriosis. The classic
symptoms of endometriosis are cyclic pelvic pain and infertility. Medical
or surgical therapy is successful only for the relief of pain. Studies
have sown that medical therapy does not improve fertility. Surgery for
endometriosis is also not successful in treating infertility except in
instances where there are mild adhesions partially blocking the tubes. An organ that produces hormones.
System of glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and testicles or ovaries. Endometrioma A special type of ovarian cyst that is chocolate in color and contains endometrial cells that grows and bleeds during menstruation. It is also known as a chocolate cyst. A solitary, non-neoplastic mass containing endometrial tissue and blood.
Endometritis - an inflammation of the endometrium. The inside lining of the uterus where implantation of the embryo occurs. It sheds every month in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation. If pregnancy occurs, the endometrium will not shed. The inner lining of the uterus which grows and sheds in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation; the bed of tissue designed to nourish the implanted embryo. Endorphins Natural narcotics manufactured in the brain to reduce sensitivity to pain and stress. May contribute to stress-related fertility problems. Epidemic A rapid increase in the levels of an infection. Typical of the microparasitic
infections (with long lasting immunity and short generation times) an
epidemic is usually heralded by an exponential rise in the number of cases
in time and a subsequent decline as susceptible numbers are exhausted.
Epidemics may arise from the introduction of a novel pathogen (or strain)
to a previously unexposed (naive) population or as a result of the Parasite extinction occurring because numbers are so low immediately following an epidemic that it is possible for small stochastic fluctuations to remove all parasites. Contrast endemic fadeout. Epididymis The tightly coiled, thin-walled tube where sperm maturation is completed. Sperm move from the testicles to the vas deferens through the epididymis. A coiled, tubular organ attached to and lying on the testicle. Within this organ the developing sperm complete their maturation and develop their powerful swimming capabilities. The matured sperm leave the epididymis through the vas deferens. Epididymitis An inflammation of the epididymis. Epiphytotic An epidemic in a plant host population. An epidemic in an animal host population. While there may be scientific reasons for distinguishing an epidemic from an epizootic, the use of epizootic is not required on linguistic grounds. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) A herpes virus which causes glandular fever (as does CMV) and some cancers.
Early Pregnancy Test.
The principal estrogen produced by the ovary. Responsible for formation
of the female secondary sex characteristics such as large breasts; supports
the growth of the follicle and the development of the uterine lining.
At midcycle the peak estrogen level triggers the release of the LH spike
from the pituitary gland. The LH spike is necessary for the release of
the ovum from the follicle. Fat cells in both obese men and women can
also manufacture estrogen from androgens and interfere with fertility.
The blood test to monitor estradiol is E2 -- Rapid Assay. Women on injectable
fertility drugs have routine E2 monitoring. The female sex hormones. First recognized around 1915, estrogen is responsible for the development of the secondary feminine sex characteristics, which include breasts, rounded hips, and pubic hair. Together with progesterone, another female hormone made by the ovaries, estrogen regulates the changes that occur with each monthly period and prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
A state in which a system is not changing. A population size might be at a static equilibrium at which nothing is happening (there are no births or deaths) or a dynamic equilibrium at which different processes are balanced (there are the same numbers of births and deaths). More generally, the state to which a system eventually evolves, for example sustained periodic oscillations, might be called an equilibrium.
Thin, filamentous protein structures, including proteinaceous capsular
antigens (fimbrial antigens), that mediate adhesion of e. Coli to surfaces
and play a role in pathogenesis. They have a high affinity for various
epithelial cells. An approximate date for when a baby is due to be born. It is generally calculated based on LMP, when LMP is two weeks before ovulation. To figure the due date, take your LMP and add 9 months plus one week. To figure EDD based on ovulation, add 9 months and subtract one week. When using ARTs, one would consider the day of insemination to be ovulation, and the day of egg retrieval to be ovulation. Estradiol The principal estrogen produced by the ovary. This is the primary hormone monitored via blood test during stimulation with fertility drugs.
The major female hormone secreted by the ovaries. A normally menstruating
woman ovulates once a month about 14 days after the start of the menstrual
cycle. The developing follicle (a balloon-like space in the ovary that
contains the egg) secretes estrogen as it grows. The level of this hormone
peaks at the time of ovulation; it then drops for several days and peaks
again about a week after ovulation. Estrogen is responsible for the normal
grown and differentiation of the follicle and the egg. It also plays an
important role in preparing the endometrial lining for implantation. Estrogen
also changes the quality and texture of the cervical mucus, making it
thinner and more elastic. This allows the normal passage of sperm through
the cervix towards the uterus and the fallopian tube where the sperm meets
the egg. Estrogen also causes the vagina to be moist and healthy in addition
to its beneficial effects on bone and the cardiovascular system. For these
reasons, estrogen is recommended to most women after the cessation of
menses at menopause. Estrogen can be measured on the second or third day
of the cycle by a simple blood test. Its level reflects the functional
status of the ovaries. Ideally, a level of less than 50ug/ml is desirable
prior to the initiation of ovulation induction or IVF Placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a woman's uterus or fallopian tube. This often occurs 2 days following egg retrieval. A predetermined number of embryos are first placed inside a special catheter, which is then introduced inside the uterus through the cervix. The embryos are then gently injected and the catheter is removed. During this procedure, the woman is in a position similar to a pelvic examination for a pap smear. The patient will remain in that position for roughly an hour before being discharged. The number of embryos to be transferred depends mostly on the age of the woman and the quality of embryos. As a general rule, 4 embryos will be transferred in women less than 35 years of age to reduce the risk of high order (more than twins) multiple pregnancies. This number increases with age, and it is not unusual to transfer 8-10 embryos in women over 40. The couple make the informed decision regarding the number of embryos to be transferred after conferring with physician. ETA - Embryo Toxicity Assay A combination of two procedures. The first involves maternal cell (lymphocyte) culture which is aimed at stimulating the lymphocytes using components of the human embryo (trophoblast) cell line, and the second is an embryo culture. These procedures are used to measure if the patient's lymphocytes secrete anything that be toxic to the embryo (test utilizes two-cell stage mouse embryos). Women who have been sensitized in the course of their earlier pregnancies or in any other mode, could amass an immune response against their own fetus in the following pregnancy, and end up losing it (in the implantation process or later in the first trimester).
An immune response against a woman may have against her own fetus in
a pregnancy that may result in the loss of the pregnancy. Treatment is
high doses of progesterone until the 16th week of pregnancy. Egg white Cervical Mucus. EWCM Egg white Cervical Mucus. They are ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization normally takes place in these tubes if sperm is present to meet the egg. Ducts through which eggs travel to the uterus once released from the follicle. Sperm normally meet the egg in the fallopian tube, the site at which fertilization usually occurs. The fallopian tube is divided anatomically into a few regions: closest to the uterus and within the uterine wall is the "interstitium" (where interstitial pregnancies develop), next is the "isthmus" (immediately outside the uterine wall) then the "ampulla" (midsection of the tube) and then the "infundibular or fimbrial portion" (adjacent to the ovary at the end of the tube). These descriptions are helpful when reading Daiter's Dateline. Falloscopy It is the visual examination of the inside of the fallopian tube. A tiny
flexible catheter is inserted through the cervical canal and uterine cavity
into the fallopian tube. A small flexible fiber optic endoscope is threaded
through the catheter into the fallopian tube. A camera at the end of the
falloscope transfers images of the inside of the tube to a monitor so
the surgeon can thoroughly visualize and examine the inside of the tube.
If problems are found, surgical repairs can be made at the same time. It is a procedure involving the use of ultrasound for guidance to remove eggs from their follicles. Sperm and eggs are mixed inside the syringe and then injected back into the patient. If the woman develops too many eggs, the physician can remove some and reduce the risk of multiple pregnancy.
Blood glucose levels taken after not eating or drinking anything other than water overnight. A normal level is under 110, over 110 shows impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, and over 126 is diabetic. Its ratio in comparison to fasting insulin can also indicate insulin resistance.
Insulin levels taken after not eating or drinking anything other than
water overnight. Insulin is a hormone released to break down sugar. Its
ratio in comparison to fasting blood glucose can indicate insulin resistance. The ability to become pregnant. Fecundity The capacity to produce offspring; the rate of offspring production. Female Kallman's Syndrome It is a condition characterized by infantile sexual development and an inability to smell. Since the pituitary cannot produce LH and FSH, the woman must take hormone supplements to achieve puberty, to maintain secondary sex characteristics, and to achieve fertility.
It is a pattern characteristic of dried cervical mucus viewed on a slide.
When the fern leaf pattern appears, the mucus has been thinned and prepared
by estrogen for the passage of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus will
be hostile to the passage of the sperm. Fertility Microscope A small microscope women can purchase to view saliva or cervical mucus as a low-tech way of predicting ovulation.
A physician specializing in the practice of fertility. The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology certifies a subspecialty for OB-GYNs who receive extra training in endocrinology (the study of hormones) and infertility. Those who acquire certification are Reproductive Endocrinologists (REs).
Any method or procedure used to enhance fertility or increase the likelihood of pregnancy, such as ovulation induction treatment, varicocoele repair, and microsurgery to repair damaged fallopian tubes. The goal of fertility treatment is to help couples have a child. Fertilization It is the union of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg). The combining of the genetic material carried by sperm and egg to create an embryo. Normally occurs inside the fallopian tube (in vivo) but may also occur in a petri dish (in vitro).
It is the brand name FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) medication. Fertility
medications in this class (Fertinex, Follistim®, and Gonal-F®)
are injectables which stimulate the growth and development of the follicles. It is a procedure where frozen embryos are thawed and then placed into the uterus.
It is a developing unborn offspring of an animal that gives birth to its young (as opposed to laying eggs). From approximately three months after conception the offspring take on a recognizable form (all parts in place, etc.). In human development, the period after the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy is the fetal period. An unborn or unhatched vertebrate especially after attaining the basic structural plan of its kind; specifically : a developing human from usually three months after conception to birth. The developing baby from the second month of pregnancy until birth. A term used to refer to a baby during the period of gestation between
eight weeks and term. Fetal Heart Rate.
It refers to a benign tumor located in the uterus. Although it is not cancerous, it may cause irregular bleeding, pain, and an enlarged uterus. Furthermore, it may cause difficulty in achieving a pregnancy because it can interfere with normal implantation of an embryo into the endometrium. Filterable virus They are any of the infectious agents that pass through a filter of diatomite or unglazed porcelain with the filtrate and remain virulent and that include the viruses as presently understood and various other groups (as the mycoplasmas and rickettsias) which were orig. considered viruses before their cellular nature was established. A disease caused by a virus. It is the finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary that capture the egg and deliver it into the tube. When stimulated by the follicular fluid released during ovulation, the fingerlike ends grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the tube.
It is plastic or reconstructive surgery to repair the fimbria that may be damaged or causing a blockage within the fallopian tubes. Fluoroscope It is an imaging device that uses X-rays to view internal body structures
on a screen. Foetus is a developing unborn offspring of an animal that gives birth to its young (as opposed to laying eggs). From approximately three months after conception the offspring take on a recognizable form (all parts in place, etc.). In human development, the period after the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy is the foetal period. An unborn or unhatched vertebrate especially after attaining the basic structural plan of its kind; specifically : a developing human from usually three months after conception to birth. The developing baby from the second month of pregnancy until birth Follicle Follicle is small egg-containing sacks found in the female ovary. In fertile women, one follicle will become dominant and release a mature egg (ovulate) during every cycle. The other follicles will be reabsorbed into the body. In fertility treatments, medications may be used to stimulate the development of multiple follicles. A Fluid-filled sac in the ovary which contains an egg that is released
at ovulation. Each month an egg develops inside the ovary in a fluid filled
pocket called a follicle. This follicle grows to about one inch in size
when it is ready to ovulate. Follicle Aspiration is a procedure involving the use of ultrasound for guidance to remove eggs from their follicles. Sperm and eggs are mixed inside the syringe and then injected back into the patient. If the woman develops too many eggs, the physician can remove some and reduce the risk of multiple pregnancy.
Follicle syndrome is the failure of a follicle to release the egg even though a corpus luteum has formed.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH medication. Fertility medications in this class (Fertinex, Follistim®, and Gonal-F®) are injectables which stimulate the growth and development of the follicles. A pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis and follicular development.
In the man FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testicles and supports
sperm production. In the woman FSH stimulates the growth of the ovarian
follicle. Elevated FSH levels are indicative of gonadal failure in both
men and woman. Follicular Fluid is the fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes the ovum. When released during ovulation, the fluid stimulates the fimbria to grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the fallopian tube. Follicular phase Follicular phase is the pre-ovulatory phase of a women's cycle during which the follicle grows and high estrogen levels cause the uterine lining to proliferate (thicken) in preparation for implantation. The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman's cycle during which a follicle grows and high levels of estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to proliferate. Normally takes between 12 and 14 days. Follistim® (FSH) Follistim® is the brand name FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) medication. Fertility medications in this class (Fertinex, Follistim®, and Gonal-F®) are injectables which stimulate the growth and development of the follicles. Recombinant FSH injectable fertility medication used for superovulation. Follicular phase is the pre-ovulatory phase of a women's cycle during which the follicle grows and high estrogen levels cause the uterine lining to proliferate (thicken) in preparation for implantation. The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman's cycle during which a follicle grows and high levels of estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to proliferate. Normally takes between 12 and 14 days. Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET) Frozen Embryo Transfer is a procedure where frozen embryos are thawed
and then placed into the uterus. Galactorrhea is a clear or milky discharge from the breasts associated with elevated prolactin.
Gamete is a reproductive cell; the sperm in men, the egg in women.
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer is a procedure where eggs are retrieved from the woman, placed together with sperm in a catheter, and transferred back into the woman's fallopian tubes to allow fertilization inside the woman's body. It is a technique that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization
for women with patent (clear and open) tubes. After egg retrieval the
eggs are mixed with sperm and then immediately injected through the fimbria
into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization. Procedure
is done through laparoscopy. Ganirelix acetate is the generic name of Antagon, brand name GnRH antagonist. This new class of fertility medications (available as Antagon, ganirelix acetate and as cetrorelix acetate) block the effect of GnRH, resulting in a rapid suppression of gonadotropin release by the pituitary gland
Gardnerella is a bacteria that may cause a vaginal infection. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GD, GDM) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a temporary impairment of the ability
to Gene is the unit of heredity, composed of DNA; the building block of chromosomes.
Genetic Counseling is the advice offered by experts in genetics on the detection, consequences, and risk of recurrence of chromosomal and genetic disorders.
Germ Cell is in the male the testicular cell that divides to produce
the immature sperm cells; in the woman the ovarian cell that divides to
form the egg (ovum). The male germ cell remains intact throughout the
man's reproductive life; the woman uses up her germ cells at the rate
of about one thousand per menstrual cycle, although usually only one egg
matures each cycle. Germ Cell Aplasia (Sertoli Cell Only) is an inherited condition in which the testicles have no germ cells. Since men with this condition have normal Leydig cells, they will develop secondary sex characteristics. Germ Cell Aplasia may also be caused by large and/or prolonged exposure to toxins or radiation.
Gestation is the period of fetal development in the womb (uterus) from implantation to birth.
Gestation sac is the fluid-filled sac in which the fetus develops, visible
by an ultrasound. Gestational Host is a woman who contracts to carry a pregnancy for someone else. The host is not the biological mother of the baby being carried. Genu recurvatum Genu recurvatum is the laxity of the ligaments resulting in bending back of the knees.
Germinal Cell is a sperm that has not matured and gained the ability
to swim. In the presence of illness or infection such sperm may appear
in the semen in large numbers. Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) is a procedure where eggs are retrieved from the woman, placed together with sperm in a catheter, and transferred back into the woman's fallopian tubes to allow fertilization inside the woman's body. Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) is a technique that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for women with patent (clear and open) tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with sperm and then immediately injected through the fimbria into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization. Procedure is done through laparoscopy.
Gland is a secretor organ or structure that produces or secretes essential body fluids or substances, such as hormones. Globulin Globulin is a simple globular protein which cannot be dissolved in pure
water but which can be dissolved if a salt is added to the water. It can
also be precipitated out of solution and into a solid with a solution
of ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation. Examples of globulin proteins
are immunoglobulin and cryoglobulin. Glucose Tolerance Test is a screening test for insulin resistance, diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Usually blood is drawn at fasting, and then the patient drinks or eats a certain amount of glucose. Blood is drawn at one hour, two hours and three hours to check glucose levels. Some may have an additional blood draw at a half hour. GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) Gonadotropin releasing hormone is the hormone produced and released in
a pulsatile manner by the hypothalamus. GnRH controls the pituitary gland's
production and release of gonadotropins GnRH agonist - a medication that
acts like gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Initially it causes a
surge in the production of gonadotropins, but when given continuously,
it suppresses pituitary and ovarian function. Examples include The hormone which controls the production and release of gonadotropins. Secreted by the hypothalamus every ninety minutes or so, this hormone enables the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads. GnRH antagonist GnRH antagonist is this new class of fertility medications (available
as Antagon, ganirelix acetate and as cetrorelix acetate) which block the
effect of GnRH, resulting in a rapid suppression of gonadotropin release
by the pituitary gland. Gonadotropin, human chorionic is a human hormone made by chorionic cells (in the foetal part of the placenta), hCG is directed at the gonads and stimulates them. HCG becomes detectable (by immunologic means) within days of fertilization and forms the foundation of the common pregnancy tests. The level of hCG in maternal serum also enters as one component in the double and the triple screens used during pregnancy to assign risks of Down syndrome. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Gonadotropin releasing hormone is the hormone produced and released in
a pulsatile manner by the hypothalamus. GnRH controls the pituitary gland's
production and release of gonadotropins GnRH agonist - a medication that
acts like gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Initially it causes a
surge in the production of gonadotropins, but The hormone which controls the production and release of gonadotropins. Secreted by the hypothalamus every ninety minutes or so, this hormone enables the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads.
Gonadotropins are the hormones produced by the pituitary gland that control
reproductive function follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH). Gonads are organs that produce the sex cells and sex hormones; testicles in men and ovaries in women. The glands that make reproductive cells and "sex" hormones: the testicles, which make sperm and testosterone, and the ovaries, which make eggs (ova) and estrogen. Gonal-F® (FSH) Gonal-F® is brand name FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) medication. Fertility medications in this class (Fertinex, Follistim®, and Gonal-F®) are injectables which stimulate the growth and development of the follicles.
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria Neisseria
gonococcus that can lead to infertility. General Practitioner.
Granuloma is a ball of inflamed tissue, commonly formed after vasectomy due to sperm leaking from the vas deferens. GTT - Glucose Tolerance Test Glucose Tolerance Test is a screening test for insulin resistance, diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Usually blood is drawn at fasting, and then the patient drinks or eats a certain amount of glucose. Blood is drawn at one hour, two hours and three hours to check glucose levels. Some may have an additional blood draw at a half hour.
Gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the diseases and the routine
physical care of the reproductive system of women. Habitual Abortion is the same as repeated miscarriages. Hamster test Hamster test is a test of the ability of a man's sperm to penetrate a hamster egg stripped of its outer membrane, the zona pellucida. Also called the Sperm Penetration Assay.
Hepatitis A, B and C virus are very different viruses that all cause
the liver disease hepatitis. Hepatitis B and C are blood borne, while
Hepatitis A is an enterovirus which is faeco-orally transmitted. Other
known hepatitis viruses include Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E. HbA1c means Glycosylated Hemoglobin and is also called Glycohemoglobin. HCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is this hormone is produced naturally during early pregnancy, and is also available as an injectable medication (under the brand names Novarel, Pregnyl® and Profasi®) to help mature eggs and trigger ovulation in fertility treatments. HCG causes the eggs in the developing follicles to mature and detach from the wall of the follicle. Therefore, when the ultrasound-guided egg retrieval takes place 35 hours after administration, the egg is floating in the fluid of the follicle and is easier to be aspirated by a needle. Gonadotropin, human chorionic is a human hormone made by chorionic cells (in the foetal part of the placenta), hCG is directed at the gonads and stimulates them. HCG becomes detectable (by immunologic means) within days of fertilization and forms the foundation of the common pregnancy tests. The level of hCG in maternal serum also enters as one component in the double and the triple screens used during pregnancy to assign risks of Down syndrom The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps the corpus luteum
producing progesterone. Also used via injection (Profasi) to trigger ovulation
after some fertility treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone
production. Quantitative beta-HCG assay is a pregnancy test which measures the level of HCG present in the blood. This test can be used to detect an early pregnancy.
HCP means Health Care Practitioner. Helminths Helminths are worms, in particular the five groups of parasitic worms:
Monogeneans
Hemizona assay is a laboratory test of the ability of sperm to penetrate
into a human egg; first the egg is split in half, then one half is tested
against the husband's sperm and the other half against sperm from a fertile
man. Hemorrhage is profuse, life-threatening bleeding.
HEPA means Hamster Egg Penetration Assay.
Heparin is a blood thinner given as an injection to prevent blood clots from forming. Heparin Therapy Heparin Therapy is the use of Heparin to thin blood in women with recurrent
pregnancy loss or presence of an autoimmune problem, such as antiphospholipid
antibodies. Hermatospermia is a condition in which blood appears in the semen and may usually be seen by the naked eye.
Herpes simplex virus can be types one and two, HSV-I and HSV-II, and they are among the causes of cold sores and genital ulcers.
HI test or haemagglutination inhibition test, is a serological test used
to detect antibodies specific to a particular family of viruses which
possess the ability to agglutinate red blood cells e.g. measles, rubella
and influenza. HIB means haemophilus influenzae B.
Hirsutism is the excessive hair growth. This condition may occur in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or as a result of treatment with Danazol® hMG (human Menopausal Gonadotropin). These injectable medications consist of LH and FSH hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women and are used to induce and development of multiple follicles in various fertility treatments. (Available under the brand names Humegon, Pergonal®, and Repronex.)
HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes the Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Pergonal® is the brand name for hMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin) fertility medication. Injectable medications consisting of luteinizing (LH) and follicle stimulating (FSH) hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women and are used to induce the development of multiple follicles in various fertility treatments. (Available under the brand names Humegon, Pergonal®, and Repronex.) A medication used to replace the pituitary hormones LH and FSH. Pergonal is similar to Humegon and Repronex. May be used to induce ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate. Most frequently used with women who do not normally produce estrogen because of a pituitary gland or hypothalamic malfunction. May also be used with men to stimulate sperm production. hMG - Human Menopausal Gonadotropin Human Menopausal Gonadotropin are injectable medications consisting of LH and FSH hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women and are used to induce development of multiple follicles in various fertility treatments. (Available under the brand names Humegon, Pergonal®, and Repronex.)
A human hormone made by chorionic cells (in the foetal part of the placenta),
hCG is directed at the gonads and stimulates them. HCG becomes detectable
(by immunologic means) within days of fertilization and forms the foundation
of the common pregnancy tests. The level of hCG in maternal serum also
enters as one component in the double and the triple screens used during
pregnancy to assign risks of Down syndrome. hMG is a medication used to replace the pituitary hormones LH and FSH. Similar to Humegon and Pergonal. May be used to induce ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate. Most frequently used with women who do not normally produce estrogen because of a pituitary gland or hypothalamic malfunction. May also be used with men to stimulate sperm production. Holoendemic Holoendemic is an infection whose prevalence is fairly uniform throughout a region, country or continent.
Home Pregnancy Test is a test a woman can use at home to test urine for
the presence of hCG. Hormone is a substance, produced by an endocrine gland, that travels through the bloodstream to a specific organ, where it exerts its effect.
Hormone Replacement Therapy refers to estrogen and progesterone replacement in menopausal women. Host Uterus Host Uterus is also called a "surrogate gestational mother."
A couple's embryo is transferred to another woman who carries the pregnancy
to term and returns the baby to the genetic parents immediately after
birth. Hostile mucus is the cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of sperm through the cervical canal. HPT - Home Pregnancy Test Home Pregnancy Test is a test a woman can use at home to test urine for the presence of hCG.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Hysteroscopy is a procedure which involves the introduction of a telescope-like
instrument through the cervix into the uterine cavity. It allows the physician
to directly view the inner lining of the uterus. It is very helpful in
the diagnosis of polyps and fibroids and other uterine abnormalities such
as a uterine septum. HPV is the human papillomavirus, causing genital warts and genital cancers. HSG - Hysterosalpingogram Hysterosalpingogram involves the injection of a radio-opaque dye through the cervix and into the uterus and fallopian tubes. A series of x-rays are taken and the contour and patency of the uterus and tubes are assessed.
Herpes simplex virus - types one and two, HSV-I and HSV-II, are among the causes of cold sores and genital ulcers.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - this hormone is produced naturally during early pregnancy, and is also available as an injectable medication (under the brand names Novarel, Pregnyl® and Profasi®) to help mature eggs and trigger ovulation in fertility treatments. HCG causes the eggs in the developing follicles to mature and detach from the wall of the follicle. Therefore, when the ultrasound-guided egg retrieval takes place 35 hours after administration, the egg is floating in the fluid of the follicle and is easier to be aspirated by a needle Gonadotropin, human chorionic - a human hormone made by chorionic cells (in the foetal part of the placenta), hCG is directed at the gonads and stimulates them. HCG becomes detectable (by immunologic means) within days of fertilization and forms the foundation of the common pregnancy tests. The level of hCG in maternal serum also enters as one component in the double and the triple screens used during pregnancy to assign risks of Down syndrome. The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone. Also used via injection (Profasi) to trigger ovulation after some fertility treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone production.
Human Menopausal Gonadotropin - these injectable medications consist of LH and FSH hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women and are used to induce and development of multiple follicles in various fertility treatments. (Available under the brand names Humegon, Pergonal®, and Repronex.)
A human hormone made by chorionic cells (in the foetal part of the placenta), hCG is directed at the gonads and stimulates them. HCG becomes detectable (by immunologic means) within days of fertilization and forms the foundation of the common pregnancy tests. The level of hCG in maternal serum also enters as one component in the double and the triple screens used during pregnancy to assign risks of Down syndrome. HSG - Hysterosalpingogram Hysterosalpingogram - it involves the injection of a radio-opaque dye through the cervix and into the uterus and fallopian tubes. A series of x-rays are taken and the contour and patency of the uterus and tubes are assessed.
Humegon - brand name hMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin) fertility medication.
Hydrotubation - injection of fluid, often into the fallopian tubes to determine if they are patent.
Hyperandrogenism - excessive production of androgens in women, frequently a cause of hirsutism and also associated with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). Hyperprolactinemia Hyperprolactinemia - excessive prolactin in the blood. This condition may interfere with the normal functioning of the menstrual cycle and result in anovulation. Hyperstimulation Hyperstimulation - excessive stimulation of the ovaries that can cause them to become enlarged.
Hypogonadism - refers to a spectrum of disorders that result in reduced levels of male or female sex hormones. Hypogonadism is typically caused by a deficient production of hypothalamic or pituitary hormones.
Hypothalamus - a gland in the brain that releases GnRH (see GnRH), which in turn stimulates the production of LH and FSH by the pituitary gland. Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism - under activity of the thyroid gland, which results in
low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. Inadequate amounts of thyroid
hormone can lead to Hysterectomy Hysterectomy - surgical removal of the uterus.
Hysterosalpingogram - it involves the injection of a radio-opaque dye through the cervix and into the uterus and fallopian tubes. A series of x-rays are taken and the contour and patency of the uterus and tubes are assessed. Hysteroscopy Hysteroscopy - this is a procedure which involves the introduction of a telescope-like instrument through the cervix into the uterine cavity. It allows the physician to directly view the inner lining of the uterus. It is very helpful in the diagnosis of polyps and fibroids and other uterine abnormalities such as a uterine septum. © 2001 Kuska House (concept, script, content) |
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