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IBT - Immunobead Binding Test
Immunobead Binding Test - to detect antisperm antibodies.
Intracervical Insemination - artificial insemination where the sperm is deposited into the cervical canal. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - a micromanipulation technique sometimes performed during IVF or donor IVF. In the laboratory, the health care provider manipulates the male sperm, then places it in a needle and injects it directly into the female egg. This procedure may be useful in cases where the male has low sperm counts or decreased sperm motility.
Idiopathic (Unexplained) Infertility - when no cause for infertility can be found after substantial testing.
Infertility - inability of a couple to achieve a pregnancy or to carry a pregnancy to term after one year of unprotected intercourse in women 35 years of age and younger, and after six months of unprotected intercourse in women 36 years of age and older. The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse in women under 35, or after six months in women over 35, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. Also included are diagnosed problems such as anovulation, tubal blockage, low sperm count, etc. IGTT - Insulin and Glucose Tolerance Test.
Intramuscular - injections given into a muscle. Commonly recommended IM injection sites include the thigh and buttocks.
Immature Oocyte Retrieval - procedure in which immature eggs are aspirated from the ovaries and treated in the laboratory with fertility drugs to bring them too maturity. At maturity they are mixed with sperm and any resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus. Immature Sperm (Germinal Cell) Immature Sperm - a sperm that has not matured and gained the ability to swim. In the presence of illness or infection such sperm may appear in the semen in large numbers.
Immune system - the body's defense against any injury or invasion by a foreign substance or organism.
1) A state in which a host is not susceptible to infection or disease,
or Specific immunity is divided into cellular immunity acting via the direct involvement of T cells and humoral immunity involving antibodies and B cells. Immunobead Binding Test (IBT) Immunobead Binding Test - to detect antisperm antibodies. Immunogenicity - the ability of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system, as measured by the proportion of individuals who produce specific antibody or T cells, or the amount of antibody produced, say. Not the same as efficacy.
Immunoglobulins a class of proteins endowed with antibody activity. Immunopathology Immunopathology - damage to the host caused by its own immune response against a pathogen. Immunosuppression Immunosuppression - a reduction in the capacity of the immune system.
Caused by infection (eg HIV), drug treatment, pregnancy and malnutrition
among others.
Immunosupressive Drug - drug that interferes with the normal immune response.
Immunotherapy - medical treatment for an immune system disorder that involves transfusing donor white blood cells into a woman who has recurrent miscarriages. Implantation (Embryo) Implantation - the embedding of the embryo into tissue so it can establish contact with the mother's blood supply for nourishment. Implantation usually occurs in the lining of the uterus 5-10 days after ovulation; however, in an ectopic pregnancy it may occur elsewhere in the body. Implantation Failure Implantation Failure - inability of the fertilized egg to properly implant in the uterinelining.
Implantation Spotting - bleeding associated with an embryo implanting into the endometrium around 5-10 days after ovulation. It is not uncommon, but it is not the norm.
The inability of the man to achieve or maintain an erection and to ejaculate due to physical or emotional problems, or a combination thereof. This is not the same thing as being sterile.
In utero - while in the uterus during early development.
In vitro fertilization - (literally, "in glass") fertilization outside of the body in a laboratory. Incidence - the rate at which new cases of infection arise in a population.
INCIID - International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination.
Incompetent cervix - cervix with the inability to remain closed throughout an entire pregnancy; a frequent cause of premature birth. A weakened cervix which opens prematurely during pregnancy and can cause the loss of the fetus. A cervical cerclage is a procedure in which a stitch or two is put around the cervix to prevent its opening until removed when the pregnancy is at term. Incomplete Abortion Incomplete Abortion - a miscarriage where some tissue has bassed but some remains in the uterus. Incubation period - the time that elapses between infection and the appearance of symptoms of a disease. Not the same as the latent period. Infection Infection - the presence of a parasite within a host where it may or may not cause disease. The state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by pathogenic agent (microorganism or virus) that under favorable conditions multiply or produces injurious effects. Inflammation Inflammation - swelling, redness, heat and pain caused by injury such as infection. Inhibin Inhibin - a male feedback hormone made in the testicles to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland. Inhibin B is secreted by the granulosa cells while estradiol is secreted by several other cell types in the ovary. Women with low levels of the hormone were found to have more impaired ovulation in the course of the IVF cycle, lower pregnancy rates, higher cancellation rates and miscarriage rates. Often tested in conjunction with antiovarian antibodies to determine ovarian reserve. Inhibin-F (Folliculostatin) Inhibin-F - female feedback hormone made in the ovary to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland. Injectables/Injectable Fertility Medications Injectables/Injectable Fertility Medications - medications given by injection. On INCIID and other infertility forums, the word injectables is commonly used to refer to ovulation induction medications such as hMG (brands Pergonal, Humegon and Repronex), urofollitropins (brands Fertinex and Metrodin), and recombinant FSH follitropins alpha and beta (brands Follistim and Gonal-F).
Insulin - the hormone used by the body to control blood sugar (glucose). Insulin resistance (over-production of insulin in relation to glucose) can lead to weight gain and ovulation difficulties.
Insulin Resistant - occurs when the body produces too much insulin in relation to glucose. One is considered insulin resistant with a fasting blood sugar of over 110, or a fasting glucose to insulin ratio of less than 4.5:1. Intra-peritoneal Insemination (IPI) Intra-peritoneal Insemination - injection of sperm into the peritoneal cavity. A form or artificial insemination that may be used with low sperm counts and motility. Intracervical Insemination (ICI) Intracervical Insemination - artificial insemination where the sperm is deposited into the cervical canal.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - a micromanipulation technique sometimes performed during IVF or donor IVF. In the laboratory, the health care provider manipulates the male sperm, then places it in a needle and injects it directly into the female egg. This procedure may be useful in cases where the male has low sperm counts or decreased sperm motility Intramuscular (IM) Intramuscular - an IM medication is given by needle into the muscle. This is as opposed to a medication that is given by a needle, for example, into the skin (intradermal) or just below the skin (subcutaneous) or into a vein (intravenous).
Intratubal Insemination - artificial insemination where washed sperm is deposited into the fallopian tubes. Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) Intrauterine Growth Retardation - a reduction in fetal growth for reasons such as infection, inadequate placenta, or exposure to teratogens. Intrauterine Insemination - artificial insemination of sperm, which have been washed free of seminal fluid, into the uterine cavity. Intrauterine Insemination - relatively "low-tech" ART which deposits washed sperm directly into the uterus, bypassing cervical mucus and depositing the sperm more closely to the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs. Used to bypass hostile cervical mucus and to overcome sperm count and motility problems. Intravaginal Culture (IVC) Intravaginal Culture - procedure related to in vitro fertilization where eggs and sperm are combined in a capsule and then inserted into a woman's vagina to incubate for 48 hours. The goal being for fertilization to happen within the woman's body. After 24 hours, any embryos are transferred into the uterus. Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) Intravenous Immunoglobulin - intravenous transfer of immunoglobulin (antibodies), used for some immune problems. Immature Oocyte Retrieval - procedure in which immature eggs are aspirated from the ovaries and treated in the laboratory with fertility drugs to bring them too maturity. At maturity they are mixed with sperm and any resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus.
Intra-peritoneal Insemination - injection of sperm into the peritoneal cavity. A form or artificial insemination that may be used with low sperm counts and motility. ITI - Intratubal Insemination Intratubal Insemination - artificial insemination where washed sperm is deposited into the fallopian tubes.
IUFD - Intra-uterine Fetal Demise
Intrauterine Growth Retardation - a reduction in fetal growth for reasons such as infection, inadequate placenta, or exposure to teratogens. IUI - Intrauterine Insemination Intrauterine Insemination - artificial insemination of sperm, which have been washed free of seminal fluid, into the uterine cavity. Intrauterine Insemination - relatively "low-tech" ART which deposits washed sperm directly into the uterus, bypassing cervical mucus and depositing the sperm more closely to the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs. Used to bypass hostile cervical mucus and to overcome sperm count and motility problems.
Intravaginal Culture - procedure related to in vitro fertilization where eggs and sperm are combined in a capsule and then inserted into a woman's vagina to incubate for 48 hours. The goal being for fertilization to happen within the woman's body. After 24 hours, any embryos are transferred into the uterus.
In vitro fertilization - (literally, "in glass") fertilization outside of the body in a laboratory. Intravenous Immunoglobulin - intravenous transfer of immunoglobulin (antibodies), used for some immune problems. IVIg - Intravenous Immunoglobulin Intravenous Immunoglobulin - intravenous transfer of immunoglobulin (antibodies), used for some immune problems.
Kallman's Syndrome - a congenital hypothalamus dysfunction that has multiple symptoms including the failure to complete puberty.
Karyotype - an arrangement of all the chromosomes of a cell. A normal human cell has 46 chromosomes. Abnormalities of certain chromosomes, such as an extra chromosome, can be detected by doing a karyotype. This test is done in couples, who suffer from recurrent miscarriages to look for a specific chromosomal abnormality called a "translocation," which can result in the loss of important genetic material and thus cause miscarriages
Karyotyping - a chromosome analysis in which cells are studied to look for certain congenital diseases such as Down's syndrome or spina bifida. A chromosome analysis in which cells are studied to look for abnormalities. Testing a fetus may show if there is a chromosomal reason for the pregnancy loss, which causes about 50% of miscarriages. Testing the parents can help determine if there is an underlying chromosomal problem that increases the chances of repeated losses, which occurs in about 3% of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. Karyotyping the cells - by karyotyping the cells and determining the proteins present, it is possible to determine the sex of the fetus and whether it is suffering from certain congenital diseases such as Down's syndrome or spina bifida. test performed between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy in order to determine the presence of birth defects in the developing fetus. It involves the insertion of a small needle into the amniotic fluid that surrounds the developing baby. The fluid is then screened for genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.
Klinefelter's syndrome - a chromosome abnormality that prevents normal male sexual development and causes irreversible infertility due to the presence of an extra X chromosome. A genetic abnormality characterized by having one Y (male) and two X (female) chromosomes or a mosaic (a combination of 46XY and 47XX). Klinefelters often causes a fertility problem, though some men will produce sperm. ART and donor insemination are possible. The condition can be passed on. Leukocyte Antibody Detection Assay - indicates a woman's physiologic LAP - Laparoscopy Laparoscopy - examination of the pelvic organs through use of a small telescope called a laparascope.
Laparoscope is a small telescope that can be inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall for viewing the internal organs; the instrument is used to perform a laparoscopy. It can be used to diagnose and also treat a number of fertility problems, including endometriosis, abdominal adhesions, polycystic ovaries uterine tumors, extrauterine pregnancy, (pregnancy outside of the uterus), chronic pelvic pain, tubo-ovarian abscess, and others. The technology has improved over more than 100 years and the therapeutic possibilities are improving with it. Most of the laparoscopic procedures are done on an outpatient basis in hospitals or properly equipped surgical centers. Also used in egg retrieval for in vitro fertilization. Examination of the pelvic region by using a laparoscope is called a laparoscopy. Laparoscope, telescope, internal organs, laparoscopy, fertility problems, endometriosis, abdominal adhesions, adhesions, polycystic ovaries, uterine tumors, extrauterine pregnancy, pregnancy, pelvic pain, pain, tubo-ovarian abscess, abscess, outpatients basis, surgical centers
Laparoscopy - examination of the pelvic organs through use a small telescope called a laparascope. Laparotomy Laparotomy - major abdominal surgery where reproductive organ abnormalities can be corrected and fertility restored, such as tubal repairs and the removal of adhesions.
Leukocyte Antibody Detection Assay - indicates a woman's physiologic response to pregnancy. Women who test for high levels of leukocyte antibodies have a history of carrying pregnancies longer than women who exhibit low levels. Women who have low levels of leukocyte antibodies generally had pregnancies that ended by week 12, or their immune systems did not respond to the stimulus of pregnancy by creating blocking antibodies. Only women with low levels of LAD are candidates for immunization with their husbands' white blood cells (leukocytes), so it is recommended that this assay be done prior to initiating an immunization protocol. Leukocyte Immunization Therapy - injecting a woman with her husband's or a donor's white blood cells to increase her fetal blocking antibodies and lower her NK cells. Leukocytosis Leukocytosis - increase in the number of Leukocytes (White Blood Corpusles) generally caused by infection and usually transient.
Leydig Cell - the testicular cell that produces the male hormone testosterone. The Leydig cell is stimulated by LH from the pituitary gland.
Luteinizing Hormone - a pituitary hormone that stimulates the gonads. In the man LH is necessary for spermatogenesis (Sertoli cell function) and for the production of testosterone (Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary for the production of estrogen. When estrogen reaches a critical peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike), which releases the egg from the follicle. Luteinizing Hormone Surge - the spiking release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature egg from the follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36 hours). LIT - Leukocyte Immunization Therapy Leukocyte Immunization Therapy - injecting a woman with her husband's or a donor's white blood cells to increase her fetal blocking antibodies and lower her NK cells. LMP LMP - Last Menstrual Period (start date).
Low Responder - a woman who does not produce many follicle with injectable fertility medications.
Luteal Phase Defect (or Deficiency) - condition that occurs when the uterine lining does not develop adequately because of inadequate progesterone stimulation; or because of the inability of the uterine lining to respond to progesterone stimulation. LPD may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early miscarriage. LSP LSP - Low Sperm Count. LUF (LUFS) - Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome - a condition in which the follicle develops and changes into the corpus luteum without releasing the egg. This sometimes goes hand-in-hand with PCO. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Advil, Motrin, and Aleve, near ovulation may also contribute to LUFS. Lupron Lupron - an injectable medication used to down-regulate the pituitary gland and prevent the release of substances such as Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Without LH or FSH, the ovary will not produce follicles that will in turn decrease the production of Estrogen and Progesterone. Lupus Anticoagulant - an antibody causing elevation in partial thromboplastin time (the time needed for plasma to form a clot after the addition of calcium and a phospholipid reagent; used to evaluate the clotting system), associated with venous and arterial thrombosis (clotting within an artery or vein).
Luteal Phase - post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which cause the uterine lining to thicken to support the implantation and growth of the embryo. Luteal Phase Defect (LPD) Luteal Phase Defect (or Deficiency) - condition that occurs when the uterine lining does not develop adequately because of inadequate progesterone stimulation; or because of the inability of the uterine lining to respond to progesterone stimulation. LPD may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early miscarriage.
Luteinizing Hormone - a pituitary hormone that stimulates the gonads. In the man LH is necessary for spermatogenesis (Sertoli cell function) and for the production of testosterone (Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary for the production of estrogen. When estrogen reaches a critical peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike), which releases the egg from the follicle.
Luteinizing Hormone Surge - the spiking release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature egg from the follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36 hours).
Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome - a condition in which the follicle develops and changes into the corpus luteum without releasing the egg. This sometimes goes hand-in-hand with PCO. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Advil, Motrin, and Aleve, near ovulation may also contribute to LUFS.
-lyse according to international Scientific Vocabulary (probably irregular from latin) -lysis means to produce or undergo lytic disintegration or dissolution 1. dissolution, decomposition, disintegration 2. hydrolysis, proteolysis, electrolyze, thermolysis, plasmolyze 3. to cause or produce disintegration of a compound, substance, or cell. 4. to undergo lysis
Laparoscopy - the procedure involves the introduction of a thin telescope-like instrument through the belly button into the pelvis for direct visualization of the pelvic organs. At the same time, dye can be injected through the cervix and its flow can be traced into and through the fallopian tubes under direct vision. The procedure is conducted under anesthesia, but the patient does not have to stay overnight in the hospital. The patient might have mild abdominal discomfort for 1 or 2 days after the procedure, but can usually resume normal activities even as soon as the next day. The risks with laparoscopy are very small and include the following: infection, bleeding, damage to nearby organs, such as the bowel, and reaction to anesthesia. Very rarely, surgery by opening the abdomen is needed to take care of a complication. Indications for laparoscopy are many and include the following: diagnostic, to check for suspected problems such as infertility, blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, scarring, ovarian tumors and uterine anomalies such as fibroids, diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis, lysis (cutting) of adhesions (scarring), removal of fibroids, and removal of ovarian cysts or tumors, GIFT and other miscellaneous indications. Surgery, laparoscope, pelvis, outpatient, fallopian tubes, ovarian tumors, uterine abnormalities, abdominal discomfort Laparotomy - a surgical opening of the abdomen Leiomyoma (fibroid) Leiomyoma - refers to a benign tumor located in the uterus. Although it is not cancerous, it may cause irregular bleeding, pain, and an enlarged uterus. Furthermore, it may cause difficulty in achieving a pregnancy because it can interfere with normal implantation of an embryo into the endometrium. A benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective tissue. Leydig cells Leydig cells - the cells in the testicles that make testosterone.
Luteinizing hormone - a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Along with FSH, it is one of the two most important hormones that regulate ovarian function. The role of LH is to trigger ovulation and help prepare the endometrial lining for implantation. The level of this hormone starts to rise roughly 24 hours prior to expected ovulation. The level of this hormone can be checked by a home urine ovulation prediction kit (such as OvuQuick, OvuKit or First Response). When the test color matches the control, this signifies the presence of elevated levels of LH in the blood. The individual then can plan intercourse within 24 hours of that positive test. LH is a hormone that is also found in the fertility medications Pergonal®, Humegon, and Repronex. These drugs contain LH and FSH in equal amounts. When given in the beginning of a menstrual cycle, (usually on day 2 to 5) they stimulate follicular development. The level of LH is also elevated (in relation to FSH) in some women with irregular cycles or with the condition known as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). LH kit LH kit - a kit used to detect a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) which
takes place
LH surge - the sudden release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes the follicle to release a mature egg (ovulate).
Follicle syndrome - the failure of a follicle to release the egg even though a corpus luteum has formed.
Lupron - known medically as a GnRH-agonist. Lupron is a commonly used
medication in
Luteal phase - post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle; the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which in turn causes the uterine lining to secrete substances to support the implantation and growth of the early embryo.
Luteal phase defect - inadequate function of the corpus luteum which results in insufficient levels of progesterone. This may prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus or may lead to early pregnancy loss. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Luteinizing hormone - a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Along
with FSH, it is one of the two most important hormones that regulate ovarian
function. The role of LH is to trigger ovulation and help prepare the
endometrial lining for implantation. The level of this hormone starts
to rise roughly 24 hours prior to expected ovulation. The level of this
hormone can be checked by a home urine ovulation prediction kit (such
as OvuQuick, OvuKit or First Response). When the test color matches the
control, this signifies the presence of elevated levels of LH in the blood.
The individual then can plan intercourse within 24 hours of that positive
test. LH is a hormone that is also found in the fertility medications
Pergonal®, Humegon, and Repronex. These drugs contain LH and FSH in
equal amounts. When given in the beginning of a menstrual cycle, (usually
on day 2 to 5) they stimulate follicular development. The level of LH
is also elevated (in relation to FSH) in some women with irregular cycles
or with the condition known as Polycystic Lymphocyte Lymphocyte - cell present in the blood and lymphatic tissue. Less than 1% is present in the circulating blood. These cells travel from the blood and lymph nodes and back into circulation. Lymphocytes are derived from the stem cells from which all blood cells arise. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - a procedure using a magnet linked to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. Maturation Arrest Maturation Arrest - a testicular condition in which at one stage of sperm production all sperm development halts throughout all testicular tubules. May result in oligospermia or azozoospermia.
Miscarriage - spontaneous loss of an embryo or fetus from the womb. Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine (MMR) Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - a vaccine recommended for women who have a low antibody titre to Rubella since Rubella (German Measles) can be very damaging to a fetus.
Meiosis - the cell division, peculiar to reproductive cells, which allows genetic material to divide in half. Each new cell will contain twenty-three chromosomes. The spermatids (immature sperm) and ova (eggs) each contain twenty-three chromo-somes, so when they combine (fertilize), the baby will have a normal complement of forty-six. Menarche Menarche - the time when a woman has her first menstrual period. Menopause Menopause - the time when a woman stops having menstrual periods. Menorrhagia Menorrhagia - heavy or prolonged menstrual flow. Menses - the menstrual flow. The catamenial or menstrual discharge, a periodic flow of blood or bloody fluid from the uterus, the female generative organ. See menstruation Menses, menstrual flow, menstrual discharge, uterus, female generative organ, generative organ, menstruation
Menstruation is a discharging of blood, secretions, and tissue debris from the uterus that recurs in nonpregnant breeding-age human and primate females at approximately four-week intervals. It is considered to represent a readjustment of the uterus to the nonpregnant early state following endometrial changes accompanying the preceding ovulation. The monthly discharge from the uterus happens in nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause. It is under hormonal control and normally recurs, usually at four-week intervals, in the absence of pregnancy. It is the culmination of the menstrual cycle. Menstruation, nonpregnant, endometrial changes, ovulation, puberty, menopause, hormonal control, pregnancy, pregnant, endometrium, secretory endometrium, proliforative endometrium, menstrual cycle, menses ovary, ovarian function Menstrual cycle Menstrual cycle is the time between menstrual periods. A typical menstrual cycle is about 28 days, however this can be longer or shorter. The length of the menstrual cycle is determined by hormones produced by the ovary. Besides production of proper hormones in correct sequence the ovary is also expected to mature and release the egg/oocyte/ovum approximately half way through the 28-day cycle. Menstruation can happen even if the woman does not ovulate, as long as she produces particular hormones in the proper sequence and in acceptable levels. If the female does ovulate she always menstruates than after, unless she is pregnant. Level of the hormones can be tested to investigate the ovarian function, but normal levels do not prove release of an egg. Unfortunately it is often misunderstood. Consequently ovulation kits inform the patient about presence or absence of hormone, but do not prove an egg release. Menstrual cycle, menstrual periods, hormones, ovary, oocyte, egg, ovum,
Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration - microsurgery to remove sperm from the epididymis for use in in vitro fertilization, often with ICSI. Methotrexate Methotrexate - a toxic anticancer drug that is an analogue of folic acid and an antimetabolite. Used as an antineoplastic agent (to attack abnormal tissue growth). Sometimes used to treat ectopic and molar pregnancies.
Metrodin - an injectable form of Follicle Stimulating Hormone used to stimulate ovulation.
Metrorrhagia - menstrual spotting during the middle of the cycle. MF MF - Male Factor.
Micro Injection Fallopian Transfer - a technique similar to GIFT and FASIAR that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for women with patent (clear and open) tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with sperm and then immediately injected through into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization. Rather than using laparoscopy, this method uses need aspiration of follicles and injection into the fallopian tubes.
Microsurgery - reconstructive surgery performed under magnification using delicate instruments and precise techniques.
Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration - microsurgery to remove sperm from the epididymis for use in in vitro fertilization, often with ICSI. MIFT - Micro Injection Fallopian Transfer Micro Injection Fallopian Transfer - a technique similar to GIFT and FASIAR that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for women with patent (clear and open) tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with sperm and then immediately injected through into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization. Rather than using laparoscopy, this method uses need aspiration of follicles and injection into the follopian tubes. Miscarriage (MC) Miscarriage - spontaneous loss of an embryo or fetus from the womb. Missed Abortion/Missed Miscarriage Missed Abortion/Missed Miscarriage - the fetus dies in the uterus but there is no bleeding or cramping. A D&C will be needed to remove the fetal remains and prevent complications.
Mitosis - the division of a cell into two identical cells in which all forty-six human chromosomes are duplicated; the first division of the germ cell.
Mittleschmerz - the discomfort felt on one or both sides of the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation.
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - a vaccine recommended for women who have a low antibody titre to Rubella since Rubella (German Measles) can be very damaging to a fetus.
Molar Pregnancy - the fertilization of an egg without a nucleus. A baby (usually anomalous) may or may not be present, and the placenta develops into a nonmalignant tumor called a hydatidiform mole. The layer of cells that line the gestational sac and normally give rise to the chorionic villi convert into a mass of clear, tapioca-like vesicles instead of into a healthy placenta. The fertilized egg then deteriorates. Probably caused by a chromosomal abnormality in the fertilized egg. A continuous or intermittent brownish discharge is the prime symptom. Treated by a D&C and sometimes methotrexate. Morphology Morphology - the study of form, such as assessing the shape of sperm during semen analysis.
Mosaicism - having more than one blood line. For example, instead of having all 46XX cells, a mosaic may have a combination of 46XX and 45X cells. See Klinefelter's and Turner's Syndrome. Motility - motion, such as the forward swimming motion of healthy sperm. The measurement of motion and forward progression of sperm in a semen analysis.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - a procedure using a magnet linked to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. Mucus Mucus - secretion from a gland that can be watery, gel-like, stretchy, sticky or dry. Fertile mucus resembles raw egg whites (watery and stretchy). Mutagen Mutagen - substance that alters the genetic structure of the sperm or egg before conception. Mycoplasma - an infectious agent that falls structurally between a virus and a bacterium. Thought to be related to pregnancy loss and perhaps infertility as well.
Myoma - refers to a benign tumor located in the uterus. Although it is not cancerous, it may cause irregular bleeding, pain, and an enlarged uterus. Furthermore, it may cause difficulty in achieving a pregnancy because it can interfere with normal implantation of an embryo into the endometrium. A benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective tissue. Myomectomy Myomectomy - surgical removal of a uterine fibroid tumor.
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